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Ewish Family Service of North Jersey Bereavement Group for Widows and Widowers

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Woman whose spouse has died

A widow is a woman whose spouse has died; a widower is a homo whose spouse has died.

Terminology [edit]

The country of having lost 1'south spouse to death is termed widowhood.[1] An archaic term for a widow is "relict,"[ii] literally "someone left over". This word can sometimes be institute on older gravestones. The word "widow" comes from an Indo-European root meaning "widow" and has cognates across Indo-European languages. The male class, "widower", is first attested in the 14th century, by the 19th century supplanting "widow" with reference to men. [3]

The term widowhood can be used for either sex, at least co-ordinate to some dictionaries,[4] [v] but the word widowerhood is also listed in some dictionaries.[vi] [7] Occasionally, the word viduity is used.[8] The describing word for either sex is widowed.[9] [10] These terms are not practical to a divorcé(e) following the death of an ex-spouse.[11]

Effects on health [edit]

The phenomenon that refers to the increased mortality rate subsequently the death of a spouse is called the widowhood effect. [12] Information technology is "strongest during the first iii months later a spouse's death, when they had a 66-percent increased chance of dying".[13] At that place remains controversy over whether women or men are worse off, and studies accept attempted to brand each instance, while others suggest there are no sex-based differences.[14]

While it is disputed as to whether sex plays a part in the intensity of grief, sexual activity oft influences how a person's lifestyle changes after a spouse's death. Research has shown that the difference falls in the brunt of care, expectations, and how they react later on the spouse'due south decease. For example, women oftentimes carry more of an emotional brunt than men and are less willing to get through the death of another spouse.[15] After being widowed, men and women may react very differently and frequently alter their lifestyles. Women tend to miss their husbands more if they died of a sudden; men tend to miss their wives more if they died afterward suffering a long concluding illness.[sixteen] In addition, both men and women have been observed to experience lifestyle addiction changes after the death of a spouse. Both sexes tend to accept a harder time looking later themselves without their spouse to aid, though these changes may differ based on the sexual activity of the widow and the role the spouse played in their life.[16]

The older spouses grow, the more aware they are of being alone due to the death of their husband or wife. This negatively impacts the mental equally well as physical well-being in both men and women.[17]

Mourning practices [edit]

In some parts of Europe, including Russian federation, Slovakia, Czechia, Greece, Italy and Spain, widows used to wear black for the residual of their lives to signify their mourning, a exercise that has since died out. Orthodox Christian immigrants may clothing lifelong black in the Us to signify their widowhood and devotion to their deceased husband.

Afterward the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 in Republic of india, the status of widowhood for Indians was accompanied by a body symbolism[xviii] - The widow's head was shaved as part of her mourning, she could no longer wear a red dot sindur on her forehead and was forbidden to article of clothing wedding jewellery and she was expected to walk barefoot. These customs are mostly considered backward now and have more or less disappeared.[19]

In some parts of South Asia, a woman is often accused of causing her married man's expiry and is non allowed to look at another person every bit her gaze is considered bad luck.[20] [21]

Some Nigerians prefer a widow to potable the water her dead husband's body was washed in, or otherwise sleep adjacent to her married man'due south grave for 3 days.[21]

In the folklore of Chiloé of southern Chile, widows and black cats are important elements that are needed when hunting for the treasure of the carbunclo.[22] [23]

Economic position [edit]

Widows of Republic of uganda supporting each other by working on crafts in guild to sell them and brand an income

In societies where the husband is the sole provider, his death tin can get out his family unit destitute. The tendency for women generally to outlive men tin can compound this.

In 19th-century Britain, widows had greater opportunity for social mobility than in many other societies. Along with the ability to ascend socio-economically, widows—who were "presumably chaste"—were much more than able (and likely) to claiming conventional sexual behaviour than married women in their guild.[24]

It may be necessary for a woman to comply with the social customs of her area because her fiscal stature depends on information technology, but this custom is too ofttimes abused by others as a manner to keep money within the deceased spouse's family unit.[25] It is also uncommon for widows to claiming their handling considering they are often "unaware of their rights under the mod law…because of their low status, and lack of education or legal representation.".[26] Diff benefits and treatment[ clarification needed ] generally received by widows compared to those received by widowers globally[ instance needed ] has spurred an interest in the issue by human rights activists.[26] During the HIV pandemic, which particularly striking gay communities, companions of deceased men had piddling recourse in manor court confronting the deceased family unit. Not yet able to take been legally married the term widower was non considered socially acceptable. This state of affairs was commonly blest with an added stigma beingness attached to the surviving man.

As of 2004, women in U.s. who were widowed younger are at greater economical hardship take chances. Married women who are in a financially unstable household are more probable to get widows "because of the potent relationship between bloodshed [of the male head] and wealth [of the household]."[25] In underdeveloped and developing areas of the world, conditions for widows proceed to be much more astringent. The Un Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination confronting Women (ratified past 135 countries) while slow, is working on proposals which will make sure types of discrimination and handling of widows (such every bit violence and withholding property rights) illegal in the countries that have joined CEDAW.[27]

In the United States, Social Security offers a Survivor'due south Do good to qualified people once for a loss through their 50th birthday after which a second union may be considered when applying for benefits. The maximum still remains the same merely here the survivor has options betwixt accessing their earned benefits or one of their qualifying tardily spouses at called intervals to maximize the increased benefits for delaying a filing (i.e. at age 63 merits husband one'due south reduced benefit, then husband two's full corporeality at 67 and your own enhanced benefit at 68).

Abuse [edit]

Sexual violence [edit]

In parts of Africa, such as Kenya, widows are viewed as impure and in need of cleansing. This oftentimes requires having sexual activity with someone. Those refusing to exist cleansed risk getting browbeaten by superstitious villagers, who may also impairment the woman's children. It is argued that this notion arose from the idea that if a husband dies, the woman may have performed witchcraft against him.

Apply of widows in harem has been recorded in Ancient Egypt, medieval Europe, and Islamic empires.[28] [29]

Ritual killing [edit]

Sati was a practice in South Asia where a adult female would immolate herself upon her husband'southward decease. These practices were outlawed in 1827 in British India and again in 1987 in contained India past the Sati Prevention Deed, which made information technology illegal to back up, glorify or attempt to commit sati. Support of sati, including coercing or forcing someone to commit sati, can exist punished by decease sentence or life imprisonment, while glorifying sati is punishable with one to seven years in prison.

The people of Fiji practised widow-strangling. When Fijians adopted Christianity, widow-strangling was abased.[30]

Witch hunts [edit]

Those likely to be defendant and killed as witches, such equally in Papua New Guinea, are often widows.[31]

Forced remarriage [edit]

Widow inheritance (also known every bit helpmate inheritance) is a cultural and social exercise whereby a widow is required to marry a male person relative of her late hubby, often his brother.

Banned remarriage [edit]

The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856, enacted in response to the campaign of the reformer Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar,[32] to encourage widow remarriage and provided legal safeguards confronting loss of certain forms of inheritance for remarrying a Hindu widow,[33] though, under the Human activity, the widow forsook whatsoever inheritance due her from her deceased husband.[34]

Social stigma in Joseon Korea required that widows remain single after their husbands' death. In 1477, Seongjong of Joseon enacted the Widow Remarriage Law, which strengthened pre-existing social constraints by barring the sons of widows who remarried from holding public office.[35] In 1489, Seongjong condemned a adult female of the royal clan, Yi Guji, when it was discovered that she had cohabited with her slave after beingness widowed. More than than 40 members of her household were arrested and her lover was tortured to decease.[36]

Theft [edit]

In some parts of the earth, such as Zimbabwe, the property of widows, such as land, is oftentimes taken abroad by her in-laws. While illegal, since most marriages are conducted under customary law and not registered, redressing the consequence of property grabbing is complicated.[37]

See also [edit]

  • Estate planning
  • International Widows Twenty-four hour period
  • Orphan
  • Remarriage
  • Single parent
  • Sati
  • Widow conservation
  • Saint Bridget of Sweden

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Definition of WIDOWHOOD". Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 2016-03-18 .
  2. ^ "Relict definition and pregnant - Collins English Dictionary". world wide web.collinsdictionary.com . Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  3. ^ 'widow', noun, Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition.
  4. ^ "Widowhood definition and significant - Collins English Dictionary". world wide web.collinsdictionary.com . Retrieved ii May 2017.
  5. ^ "widowhood - definition of widowhood in English - Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries - English language . Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  6. ^ "Widowerhood definition and meaning - Collins English Lexicon". www.collinsdictionary.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  7. ^ "Definition of WIDOWERHOOD". www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved two May 2017.
  8. ^ "Definition of 'viduity'". Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 2019-05-24 .
  9. ^ "Widowed definition and meaning - Collins English Lexicon". www.collinsdictionary.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  10. ^ "widowed Meaning in the Cambridge English language Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org . Retrieved two May 2017.
  11. ^ "Social Security and You lot: Questions about widow, ex-spouse benefits". Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved 2021-08-27 .
  12. ^ Dabergott, Filip (2021-03-18). "The gendered widowhood effect and social mortality gap". Population Studies: ane–xiii. doi:10.1080/00324728.2021.1892809. ISSN 0032-4728.
  13. ^ "'Widowhood event' strongest during outset three months". Reuters. 14 Nov 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  14. ^ Trivedi, J., Sareen, H., & Dhyani, M. (2009). Psychological Aspects of Widowhood and Divorce. Mens Sana Monogr Mens Sana Monographs, vii(i), 37. doi:10.4103/0973-1229.40648
  15. ^ Stahl, Sarah T.; Schulz, Richard (2014). "The outcome of widowhood on husbands' and wives' concrete activity: the cardiovascular health study". Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 37 (4): 806–817. doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9532-7. PMC3932151. PMID 23975417. Retrieved 2016-04-28 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
  16. ^ a b Wilcox, Sara; Evenson, Kelly R.; Aragaki, Aaron; Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia; Mouton, Charles P.; Loevinger, Barbara Lee (2003). "The effects of widowhood on physical and mental health, health behaviors, and health outcomes: The Women's Health Initiative". Health Psychology. 22 (v): 513–22. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.5.513. PMID 14570535.
  17. ^ Utz, Reidy, Carr, Nesse, & Wortman (2004). "The Daily Consequences of Widowhood" (PDF). {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Olson, Carl. The Many Colors of Hinduism. Rutgers University Printing. p. 269.
  19. ^ "On India'south dorsum roads, sati revered". Los Angeles Times. 10 December 2006.
  20. ^ Kathryn Roberts (15 December 2018). Violence Against Women. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 62. ISBN9781534504714. widows in South asia are considered bad luck
  21. ^ a b "These Kenyan widows are fighting against sexual 'cleansing'". pri.org. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 7 Nov 2018.
  22. ^ Quintana Mansilla, Bernardo (1972). "El Carbunco". Chiloé mitológico (in Castilian).
  23. ^ Winkler, Lawrence (2015). Stories of the Southern Body of water. First Pick Books. p. 54. ISBN978-0-9947663-8-0.
  24. ^ Behrendt, Stephen C. "Women without Men: Barbara Hofland and the Economics of Widowhood." Eighteenth Century Fiction 17.3 (2005): 481-508. Academic Search Consummate. EBSCO. Spider web. fourteen Sept. 2010.
  25. ^ a b "Imagine...." Widows' Rights International. Web. xiv Sep 2010. <http://www.widowsrights.org/index.htm>.
  26. ^ a b Owen, Margaret. A World of Widows. Illustrated. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1996. 181-183. eBook.
  27. ^ "The Economical Consequences of a Husband's Expiry: Show from the HRS and Ahead". Us Social Security Administration.
  28. ^ Joyce Tyldesley (26 April 2001). Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 215–. ISBN978-0-xiv-194978-nine.
  29. ^ Arun Kumar Sarkar (30 September 2014). RAINBOW. Archway Publishing. pp. 64–. ISBN978-ane-4525-2561-vii.
  30. ^ "Odd Faiths in Fiji Isles". The New York Times. eight February 1891.
  31. ^ "The gruesome fate of "witches" in Papua New Guinea". economist.com. 13 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  32. ^ Forbes, Geraldine (1999). Women in modern India. Cambridge University Printing. p. 23. ISBN978-0-521-65377-0 . Retrieved viii November 2018.
  33. ^ Peers, Douglas M. (2006). India nether colonial dominion: 1700-1885. Pearson Pedagogy. pp. 52–53. ISBN978-0-582-31738-3 . Retrieved eight November 2018.
  34. ^ Carroll, Lucy (2008). "Police, Custom, and Statutory Social Reform: The Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856". In Sumit Sarkar; Tanika Sarkar (eds.). Women and social reform in modern India: a reader. Indiana University Printing. p. 80. ISBN978-0-253-22049-three . Retrieved eight November 2018.
  35. ^ Uhn, Cho (1999). "The Invention of Chaste Motherhood: A Feminist Reading of the Remarriage Ban in the Chosun Era". Asian Journal of Women's Studies. v (3): 45–63. doi:10.1080/12259276.1999.11665854.
  36. ^ 성종실록 (成宗實錄) [Veritable Records of Seongjong] (in Korean). Vol. 226. 1499.
  37. ^ "Zimbabwe: Widows Deprived of Belongings Rights". Man Rights Sentinel. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2021.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow

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